i-chromatography, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-chromatographic analysis", "chromatography", iyindlela yokuhlukanisa nokuhlaziya, enohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza kukhemistri yokuhlaziya, i-organic chemistry, i-biochemistry neminye imikhakha.
Umsunguli we-chromatography isazi sezitshalo saseRussia uM.Tsvetter.Ngo-1906, isazi sezitshalo saseRussia uZvetter sanyathelisa imiphumela yokuhlola kwaso: Ukuze ahlukanise imibala yezitshalo, sathela i-petroleum ether ekhipha izimila zezitshalo eshubhuni lengilazi eline-calcium carbonate powder futhi walikhipha nge-petroleum ether kusukela phezulu kuya phansi.Ngenxa yokuthi imibala ehlukahlukene yombala inamandla ahlukene okukhanga ebusweni bezinhlayiya ze-calcium carbonate, lapho inqubo yokukhipha ama-pigments, izibala ezihlukahlukene zehla ngesivinini esihlukene, ngaleyo ndlela zenze amabhande emibala ehlukene.Izingxenye ze-pigment zahlukaniswa.Uqambe le ndlela yokuhlukanisa ngokuthi i-chromatography.
Ukumelwa okuhleliwe kokuhlolwa kokuhlukanisa umbala wamaqabunga esitshalo
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezindlela zokuhlukanisa, izinto eziningi ezingenambala ziba yinto yokuhlukaniswa, i-chromatography nayo kancane kancane yalahlekelwa incazelo "yombala", kodwa igama lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Ukuhlukaniswa kweChromatographic
Ingqikithi ye-chromatography iyinqubo lapho ama-molecule azohlukaniswa ahlukaniswa futhi alinganise phakathi kwesigaba esimile kanye nesigaba seselula.Izinto ezihlukene zihlukaniswa ngokuhlukile phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili, okuzenza zihambe ngesivinini esihlukile ngesigaba seselula.Ngokuhamba kwesigaba esihambayo, izingxenye ezihlukene zengxube zihlukaniswa komunye nomunye esigabeni esimile.Ngokuya ngomshini, ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene.
1, ngokuya ngezigaba ezimbili zesimo somzimba
Isigaba seselula: I-chromatography yegesi, i-chromatography ewuketshezi, i-supercritical fluid chromatography
Isigaba sokumisa: i-gas-solid, i-gas-liquid;I-Liquid-solid, i-liquid-liquid
2, ngokohlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba esimile
Ikholomu chromatography: ikholomu chromatography epakishiwe, capillary column chromatography, micropacked ikholomu chromatography, chromatography elungiselela
I-Plane chromatography: i-chromatography yephepha, i-chromatography yongqimba oluncane, i-polymer membrane chromatography
3, ehlukaniswa ngokuya ngendlela yokuhlukanisa
I-Adsorption chromatography: Izingxenye ezihlukene zihlukaniswa ngokuya nge-adsorption yazo kanye namandla e-desorption kuma-adsorbents
I-Partition chromatography: Izingxenye ezihlukene zihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nokuncibilika kwazo kusinyibilikisi
I-chromatography yokukhishwa kwamangqamuzana: ngokuya ngosayizi wosayizi wamangqamuzana wokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatography ye-ln ion exchange: izingxenye ezihlukene ze-affinity yokuhlukaniswa kwe-ion-exchange resin
I-Affinity chromatography: Ukuhlukaniswa kusetshenziswa ubukhona bokuhlobana okuthile phakathi kwama-macromolecules ezinto eziphilayo
I-Capillary electrophoresis: izingxenye zahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nokuhluka kokuhamba kanye / noma ukuziphatha kokuhlukanisa
I-Chiral chromatography isetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlaziywa kwezidakamizwa ze-chiral, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu: indlela ye-reagent ye-chiral derivatization;Chiral mobile phase additive method;Indlela yokulungiswa kwesigaba sokumisa kweChiral
Amagama ayisisekelo e-chromatography
Amajika atholwe ngokuhlela amasiginali wokuphendula wezingxenye ngemva kokutholwa kokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromatographic ngokumelene nesikhathi abizwa ngokuthi ama-chromatogram.
Isisekelo:Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ze-chromatographic, ijika lesiginali elakhiwe uma isigaba seselula kuphela sidlula kusistimu yomtshina ibizwa ngokuthi isisekelo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumugqa we-ot.Lapho isimo sokuhlola sizinzile, isisekelo sasiwumugqa ohambisana ne-eksisi evundlile.Isisekelo sibonisa umsindo wensimbi, ikakhulukazi umtshina, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuphakama okuphezulu:ibanga elimile phakathi kwephoyinti eliphakeme le-chromatographic kanye nesisekelo, esikhonjwa ngo-h, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumugqa we-AB.
Ububanzi besifunda:Ububanzi besifunda bokuphakama kwe-chromatographic buhlobene ngokuqondile nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa.Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuchaza ububanzi besiqongo sechromatographic: ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okungu-σ, ububanzi bokuphakama okungu-W, kanye ne-FWHM W1/2.
Ukuchezuka okujwayelekile (σ) :U-σ uyibanga elinguhhafu phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili okuguquguquka kukhevu yokusabalalisa evamile, futhi inani lika-σ libonisa izinga lokuhlakazeka kwezingxenye kude nekholomu.Uma likhulu inani lika-σ, kuhlakazeka kakhulu izingxenye zokungcola, futhi kuba kubi nakakhulu umphumela wokuhlukanisa.Ngokuphambene, izingxenye zamanzi angcolile zigxilile futhi umphumela wokuhlukanisa muhle.
Ububanzi obuphezulu W:Amaphoyinti okuphambana kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zokuphakama kwechromatographic asetshenziswa njengemigqa e-tangent, futhi ukunqamula kumugqa oyisisekelo kubizwa ngokuthi ububanzi bokuphakama, noma ububanzi besisekelo, obungabuye ivezwe njengo-W, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso IJ.Ngokomgomo wokusabalalisa okuvamile, ubudlelwano phakathi kobubanzi obuphakeme nokuchezuka okujwayelekile bungafakazelwa ukuthi bungu-W=4σ.
W1/2:Ububanzi bokuphakama obuyingxenye yobude obuphakeme bubizwa ngokuthi i-FWHM, njengoba kuboniswa ngebanga le-GH.W1/2=2.355σ, W=1.699W1/2.
W1/2, W womabili athathwe kokuthi σ futhi asetshenziselwa ukubala izindawo eziphakeme ngaphezu kokulinganisa umphumela wekholomu.Ukulinganisa kwe-FWHM kulula kakhulu futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu.
isifinyezo esifushane
Kusukela ku-chromatographic peak outflow curve, lezi zinhloso ezilandelayo zingafinyelelwa:
a, Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kunani lokugcinwa kweziqongo zechromatographic
b, ukuhlaziywa kobuningi okusekelwe endaweni noma ukuphakama kwenani eliphakeme le-chromatographic
C. Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kwekholomu kuye kwahlaziywa ngokwenani lokugcinwa kanye nobubanzi obuphakeme benani eliphakeme le-chromatographic.
Ifomula yokubala ehilelekile ku-chromatography
1. Inani lokugcinwa
Inani lokugcinwa ipharamitha esetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinga lapho ingxenye yesampula egcinwa khona kukholamu futhi isetshenziswa njengenkomba yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ze-chromatographic.Indlela yayo yokumelela imi kanje:
Isikhathi sokugcina i-tR
Isikhathi sokufatM
Lungisa isikhathi sokugcinwa kwe-tR'=tR-tM
(Isikhathi esiphelele esichithwe esigabeni esimile)
Ivolumu yokugcinwa
I-VR=tR*F.(okuzimele kwesivinini sesigaba seselula)
Ivolumu efile
VM=tM*Fc
(Isikhala esingahlaliwe yisigaba esimile endleleni yokugeleza ukusuka kumjovo ukuya kumtshina)
Lungisa ivolumu yokugcinwa kwe-VR'=t'R*Fc
2. Inani lokugcinwa elihlobene
Inani lokugcinwa elihlobene, elibuye laziwe ngokuthi yi-separation factor, i-partition coefficient ratio noma isici somthamo ohlobene, isilinganiso sesikhathi sokugcinwa esilungisiwe (ivolumu) sengxenye ehloliwe kuya kusikhathi sokugcina esilungisiwe (ivolumu) yezinga ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zechromatographic.
Amanani okugcina ahlobene asetshenziselwa ukuqeda umthelela wezimo ezithile zokusebenza, njengezinga lokugeleza nokulahlekelwa okulungisekayo, kumanani okugcina.Izinga lenani lokugcinwa elihlobene lingaba ingxenye yesampula ehloliwe noma inhlanganisela engezwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
3. Inkomba yokugcinwa
Inkomba yokugcinwa inkomba yokugcinwa kwento engu-i okufanele ihlolwe esixazululweni esigxilile X. Ama-n-alanes amabili akhethwa njengezinto eziyireferensi, eyodwa yazo enenombolo ye-N carbon kanti enye ino-N+n.Isikhathi sabo sokugcina esilungisiwe ngu-t 'r (N) kanye no-t'r (N+n), ngokulandelanayo, ukuze isikhathi sokugcina esilungisiwe sika-t 'r (i) wento i-i okufanele ihlolwe sibe phakathi kwawo ncamashi, okungukuthi, ngi (N).
Inkomba yokugcina ingabalwa kanje.
4. Isici somthamo (k)
Ekulinganisweni, isilinganiso sesisindo sengxenye esigabeni esimile (s) kuya esigabeni esihambayo (m), esibizwa ngokuthi i-capacity factor.Ifomula imi kanje:
5、 I-Partition Coefficient (K) Ngokulingana, isilinganiso sokugxiliswa kwengxenye esigabeni sokunganyakazi (s) kuya kusigaba seselula (m), esibizwa nge-partition coefficient.Ifomula imi kanje
Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-K no-k:
Ibonisa uhlobo lwekholomu kanye nezakhi zalo ezibalulekile zesakhiwo
isifinyezo esifushane
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwevelu yokugcina kanye nesici somthamo kanye ne-partition coefficient:
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Chromatographic kusekelwe kumehluko kukhono le-adsorption noma lokuhlakazeka lengxenye ngayinye kusampula ehlobene egxilile, engavezwa ngokomthamo ngosayizi we-partition coefficient K (noma inani le-factork k).
Izingxenye ezinekhono eliqinile le-adsorption noma lokuhlakazeka zine-coefficient enkulu yokuhlukanisa (noma isici somthamo) kanye nesikhathi sokugcina eside.Ngokuphambene, izingxenye ezine-adsorption ebuthakathaka noma ukunyibilika zine-coefficient encane yokuhlukanisa kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokugcina.
Ithiyori eyisisekelo ye-chromatography
1. Ithiyori yethreyi
(1) Beka phambili -- thermodynamic theory
Iqale nge-tower plate model ehlongozwa nguMartin noSynge.
Ikholomu ehlukanisayo: kuthreyi izikhathi ezimbalwa zokulingana koketshezi lwegesi, ngokuya ngephoyinti elibilayo lokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile.
Ikholomu: Izingxenye zilinganiswa ngama-partitions amaningi phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili futhi zihlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nama-coefficients ahlukene wokuhlukanisa.
(2) Ukuqagela
(1) Kunamathreyi amaningi kukholamu, futhi izingxenye zingafinyelela ngokushesha ekulinganisweni kokusabalalisa ngaphakathi kwesikhawu sethreyi (okungukuthi, ubude bethreyi).
(2) Isigaba esihambayo singena kukholamu, hhayi ngokuqhubekayo kodwa ngokushaya, okungukuthi, isiqephu ngasinye siwumthamo wekholomu.
(3) Lapho isampula yengezwa epuleti lekholomu ngayinye, ukusakazeka kwesampula eduze kwekholomu eksisi kungase kunganakwa.
(4) I-partition coefficient iyalingana kuwo wonke amathreyi, ngaphandle kwenani lezingxenye.Okusho ukuthi, i-partition coefficient ayiguquki kuthebhu ngayinye.
(3) Isimiso
Umdwebo wohlelo lwethiyori yethreyi
Uma ingxenye yeyunithi yesisindo, okungukuthi m=1 (isibonelo, 1mg noma 1μg), yengezwa kuthreyi No. 0, futhi ngemva kokulingana kokusabalalisa, ngenxa yokuthi k=1, okungukuthi ns=nm, nm=ns=0.5.
Uma ivolumu yepuleti (lΔV) yegesi yenkampani yenethiwekhi ingena kupuleti 0 ngendlela ye-pulsation, igesi yenkampani yenethiwekhi equkethe ingxenye ye-nm esigabeni segesi iphushelwa kupuleti 1. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingxenye ye-ns esigabeni soketshezi sepuleti 0 futhi ingxenye ye-nm esigabeni segesi sepuleti 1 izosatshalaliswa kabusha phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili.Ngakho-ke, inani eliphelele lezingxenye eziqukethwe ku-plate 0 ngu-0.5, lapho izigaba zegesi ne-liquid ziyi-0.25 ngayinye, futhi inani eliphelele eliqukethwe ku-plate 1 liphinde libe ngu-0.5.Izigaba zegesi noketshezi nazo bezingu-0.25.
Le nqubo iphindaphindwa njalo lapho igesi yenkampani yomthamo wepuleti entsha iphonswa kukholamu (bheka ithebula elingezansi).
(4)Isibalo sejika lokuphuma kweChromatographic
σ ukuchezuka okujwayelekile, isikhathi sokugcina, u-C ukugxilisa ingqondo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi,
C, ukuhlushwa komjovo, okungukuthi, inani eliphelele lezingxenye (indawo ephakeme kakhulu A).
(5) amapharamitha wokusebenza kahle kwekholomu
Ku-tR engaguquki, i-W encane noma i-w 1/2 (okungukuthi, isiqongo esincanyana), inani elikhulu lamapuleti etiyetha n, liba lincane ubude bepuleti lethiyori, futhi kukhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwekholomu.Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngethreyi yethiyori esebenzayo neff.Ngakho-ke, inombolo yetiyori yamathreyi iyinkomba yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamakholomu.
(5)Izici namaphutha
> Izinzuzo
Ithiyori yethreyi i-semi-empirical futhi ichaza ukuma kwejika lokuphuma
Izinqubo zokuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa izingxenye ziyaboniswa
Kuhlongozwa inkomba yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwekholomu
> Ukulinganiselwa
Izingxenye azikwazi ngempela ukufinyelela ukulingana kokusabalalisa ezigabeni ezimbili:
Ukusakazwa kobude bezingxenye zekholomu akukwazi ukuzitshwa:
Umthelela wezici ezihlukahlukene ze-kinetic kunqubo yokudlulisa abantu abaningi awuzange ucatshangelwe.
Ubudlelwano phakathi komphumela wekholomu kanye nesivinini sokugeleza kwesigaba seselula abunakuchazwa:
Akucaci ukuthi yiziphi izici eziyinhloko ezithinta umphumela wekholomu
Lezi zinkinga zixazululwa ngendlela egculisayo ku-rate theory.
2. Ithiyori yokukala
Ngo-1956, isazi saseDashi uVanDeemter et al.yamunca umqondo wethiyori yethreyi, futhi yahlanganisa izici ze-kinetic ezithinta ukuphakama kwethreyi, yabeka phambili ithiyori ye-kinetic yenqubo ye-chromatographic - ithiyori yezinga, futhi yathola isibalo se-VanDeemter.Ibheka inqubo ye-chromatographic njengenqubo yokungalingani enamandla futhi ihlola umthelela wezici ze-kinetic ekunwebeni okuphezulu (okungukuthi, umphumela wekholomu).
Kamuva, uGiddings noSnyder et al.ihlongoze isibalo sesilinganiso se-chromatography ewuketshezi (okungukuthi i-Giddings equation) esekelwe kuzibalo ze-VanDeemter (kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i-gas chromatography rate equation) futhi ngokuya ngomehluko wendawo phakathi koketshezi negesi.
(1) Izibalo zikaVan Deemter
Kuphi: H: ubude bebhodi
A: I-coefficient yetemu lokusabalalisa i-eddy
B: i-coefficient yetemu lokusabalalisa kwamangqamuzana
C: I-coefficient yetemu yokumelana nokudluliswa okukhulu
(2) Giddings equation
Ukuhlaziywa komthamo kanye nekhwalithi
(1) Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-chromatographic okufanelekile ukuthola izinhlanganisela ezimelelwe ukuphakama ngakunye kwe-chromatographic.Njengoba izinto ezihlukahlukene zinamanani aqondile okugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ze-chromatographic, inani lokugcinwa lingasetshenziswa njengenkomba yekhwalithi.Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zekhwalithi ze-chromatographic okwamanje zisekelwe kumanani okugcina.
Nokho, izinto ezihlukene zingase zibe namanani okugcina afanayo noma afanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ze-chromatographic, okungukuthi, amanani okugcina awakhethekile.Ngakho-ke kunzima ukuveza isampula engaziwa ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe kumanani okugcina kuphela.Uma ngesisekelo sokuqonda umthombo, imvelo nenjongo yesampula, isinqumo sokuqala sokubunjwa kwesampula singenziwa, futhi izindlela ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe inhlanganisela emelwe inani eliphakeme le-chromatographic.
1. Ukulawula ikhwalithi usebenzisa izinto ezihlanzekile
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ze-chromatographic, okungaziwa kunesikhathi sokugcina esichaziwe.Ngakho-ke, okungaziwa kungakhonjwa ngokwekhwalithi ngokuqhathanisa isikhathi sokugcinwa kwento ehlanzekile eyaziwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zechromatographic nesikhathi sokugcinwa kwezinto ezingaziwa.Uma kokubili kufana, into engaziwa ingase ibe into ehlanzekile eyaziwayo;Uma kungenjalo, okungaziwa akuyona into ehlanzekile.
Indlela yokulawula into emsulwa isebenza kuphela entweni engaziwa okwaziwayo ukuthi ukwakheka kwayo kunjani, ukwakheka kwayo kulula, futhi okumsulwa kwayo kwaziwa.
2. Indlela yenani lokugcina elihlobene
Inani lokugcina elihlobene α, libhekisela ekulungisweni phakathi kwengxenye i nezinto eziyisethenjwa Isilinganiso samanani okugcina:
Ishintsha kuphela ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lokulungiswa kanye nekholomu, futhi ayihlangene nezinye izimo zokusebenza.
Esigabeni esithile esimile kanye nezinga lokushisa lekholomu, amanani okugcina alungisiwe engxenye i kanye nento eyireferensi engu-s ayalinganiswa ngokulandelana, bese abalwa ngokwefomula engenhla.Amanani okugcina ahlobene atholiwe angaqhathaniswa nekhwalithi namanani ahambisanayo ezincwadini.
3, ukwengeza izinto ezaziwayo ukuze kwandiswe indlela yokuphakama kokuphakama
Uma kunezingxenye eziningi kusampula engaziwa, iziqongo zechromatographic ezitholiwe ziminyene kakhulu ukuthi zingakhonjwa kalula ngendlela engenhla, noma uma isampuli engaziwa isetshenziselwa kuphela ukuhlaziywa kwento ethile.
"Kuqala kwenziwa i-chromatogram yesampula engaziwa, bese kutholwa enye i-chromatogram ngokwengeza into eyaziwayo kusampula engaziwa."Izingxenye ezinokuphakama okuphezulu okuphezulu zikwaziwa ngezinto ezinjalo.
4. Gcina indlela yekhwalithi yenkomba
Inkomba yokugcinwa imele ukuziphatha kokugcinwa kwezinto ezilungiswayo futhi njengamanje iyinkomba yekhwalithi esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi eyaziwa umhlaba wonke ku-GC.Inezinzuzo zokukhiqiza okuhle, izinga elifanayo kanye ne-coefficient encane yokushisa.
Inkomba yokugcinwa ihlobene kuphela nezakhiwo zesigaba esimile kanye nezinga lokushisa lekholomu, kodwa hhayi kwezinye izimo zokuhlola.Ukunemba kwayo nokukhiqiza kabusha kuhle kakhulu.Uma nje izinga lokushisa lekholomu lifana nelesigaba esimile, inani lezincwadi lingasetshenziswa ukuze likhonjwe, futhi akudingekile ukusebenzisa okumsulwa ukuze kuqhathaniswe.
(2)Ukuhlaziya inani
Isisekelo se-chromatographic quantification:
Umsebenzi wokuhlaziya ubuningi ukuthola ikhulu lezingxenye kusampula exubile
Okuqukethwe okuyingxenye.I-Chromatographic quantification yayisekelwe kokulandelayo: lapho izimo zokusebenza zazihambisana, kwakunjalo
Isisindo (noma ukugxila) kwengxenye elinganisiwe kunqunywa isignali yokuphendula enikezwa umtshina
Kuyalingana.Okungukuthi:
Isisekelo se-chromatographic quantification:
Umsebenzi wokuhlaziya ubuningi ukuthola ikhulu lezingxenye kusampula exubile
Okuqukethwe okuyingxenye.I-Chromatographic quantification yayisekelwe kokulandelayo: lapho izimo zokusebenza zazihambisana, kwakunjalo
Isisindo (noma ukugxila) kwengxenye elinganisiwe kunqunywa isignali yokuphendula enikezwa umtshina
Kuyalingana.Okungukuthi:
1. Indlela yokulinganisa indawo ephakeme kakhulu
Indawo ephakeme kakhulu idatha yobuningi eyisisekelo ehlinzekwa ama-chromatogram, futhi ukunemba kokulinganisa kwendawo ephakeme kakhulu kuthinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yobuningi.Kusetshenziswe izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa iziqongo zechromatographic ezinobumo obuhlukahlukene bokuphakama.
Kunzima ukuthola inani eliqondile lobusika ekuhlaziyeni inani:
Ngakolunye uhlangothi ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa ngokunembile umthamo womjovo ophelele: ngakolunye uhlangothi
Indawo ephakeme kakhulu incike ezimeni ze-chromatographic, futhi umucu we-chromatographic kufanele ugcinwe lapho inani likalwa.
Akwenzeki futhi akulula ukwenza into efanayo.Futhi noma ungakuthola kahle
Inani eliqondile, futhi ngenxa yokuthi alikho izinga elihlanganisiwe futhi alikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile.
2.Isici sokulungisa esingakanani
Incazelo ye-quantitative correction factor: inani lezingxenye ezingena kumtshina (m)
Isilinganiso sendawo yayo ephakeme ye-chromatographic (A) noma ukuphakama okuphezulu () yi-proportionality constant (,
I-proportionality constant ibizwa ngokuthi i-absolute correction factor yengxenye.
Kunzima ukuthola inani eliqondile lobusika ekuhlaziyeni inani:
Ngakolunye uhlangothi ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa ngokunembile umthamo womjovo ophelele: ngakolunye uhlangothi
Indawo ephakeme kakhulu incike ezimeni ze-chromatographic, futhi umucu we-chromatographic kufanele ugcinwe lapho inani likalwa.
Akwenzeki futhi akulula ukwenza into efanayo.Futhi noma ungakuthola kahle
Inani eliqondile, futhi ngenxa yokuthi alikho izinga elihlanganisiwe futhi alikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile.
Okusho ukuthi, isici sokulungisa esihlobene 'sengxenye siyingxenye kanye nezinto eziyisethenjwa s
Isilinganiso sezici eziphelele zokulungisa.
Kungabonakala ukuthi isici sokulungisa esihlobene yilapho ikhwalithi yengxenye iqhathaniswa nezinga.
Uma into engu-s ilingana, indawo ephakeme kakhulu yezinto eziyisethenjwa yindawo ephakeme kakhulu yengxenye
Okuningi.Uma ingxenye ethile inobunzima m kanye nendawo ephakemeyo A, bese kuba nenombolo ye-f'A
Amanani alingana nendawo ephakemeyo yezinto eziyisethenjwa ezinobuningi be.Ngamanye amazwi,
Ngesici sokulungisa esihlobene, izindawo eziphezulu zengxenye ngayinye zingahlukaniswa
Iguqulelwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yezinto eziyisethenjwa ezilingana nesisindo sayo, bese kuba isilinganiso
Izinga lihlanganisiwe.Ngakho lena yindlela evamile yokuthola iphesenti lengxenye ngayinye
Isisekelo sobuningi.
Indlela yokuthola isici sokulungisa esihlobene: amanani okulungisa ahlobene aqhathaniswe kuphela nokuba
Isilinganiso sihlobene nezinga kanye nohlobo lomtshina, kodwa nomugqa wokusebenza
Akunandaba.Ngakho-ke, amanani angabuyiswa kumareferensi ezincwadini.Uma umbhalo
Uma ungalitholi inani olifunayo emnikelweni, ungakwazi futhi ukunquma ngokwakho.Indlela yokuzimisela
Indlela: Inani elithile lento elinganisiwe ishumi elikhethiwe lenkomba → elenziwe laba ukugxila okuthile
Izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-chromatographic A kanye ne-As zezingxenye ezimbili zikalwe.
Yileyo fomula.
3. Indlela yokubala yobuningi
(1) Indlela yokujwayela yendawo
Isamba sokuqukethwe kwawo wonke amafrakshini angenasici sibalwa njengo-100% wokulinganisa
Indlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-normalization.Ifomula yayo yokubala imi kanje:
Lapho u-P,% kuyiphesenti lokuqukethwe kwezingxenye ezihloliwe;A1, A2... A n ingxenye 1.Indawo ephakemeyo engu-1~n;f'1, f'2... f'n iyisici sokulungisa esihlobene sezingxenye 1 kuya ku-n.
(2) indlela yangaphandle evamile
Indlela yokuqhathanisa ubuningi phakathi kwesignali yempendulo yengxenye ezohlolwa kusampula kanye nengxenye emsulwa ezohlolwa njengokulawula.
(3) Indlela esezingeni yangaphakathi
Okubizwa ngokuthi indlela evamile yangaphakathi kuyindlela lapho inani elithile lezinto ezihlanzekile zengezwa esixazululweni esijwayelekile sento ehloliwe kanye nesixazululo sesampula njengendinganiso yangaphakathi, bese ihlaziywa futhi inqunywe.
(3)indlela yokwengeza ejwayelekile
Indlela yokwengeza ejwayelekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlela yokwengeza yangaphakathi, iwukwengeza inani elithile lika-(△C)
Ireferensi yento yokuhlola yengezwe kusixazululo sesampula okufanele sihlolwe, futhi ukuhlolwa kwengezwa esivivinyweni
Ukuphakama kwesixazululo sesampula ngemva kokuba into ibe phezulu kunesixazululo sesampula sangempela
Ukunyuka kwendawo (△A) kusetshenziswe ukubala ukugxiliswa kwento kusixazululo sesampula
Okuqukethwe (Cx)
Lapho i-Ax iyindawo ephakeme kakhulu yezinto okufanele ikalwe kusampula yoqobo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-27-2023